Gambling Disorder can pose unique challenges for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Their traits and challenges associated with ASD can increase susceptibility to developing a gambling problem. These include difficulty with impulse control, repetitive behaviors, obsessive interests, cognitive rigidity, social isolation, emotional dysregulation, sensory preferences, need for predictability, and /or comorbid conditions. Understanding these factors can help professionals tailor interventions to support individuals with ASD who may be at risk of developing gambling problems.
Research on the prevalence of gambling problems among individuals with ASD is very limited. A study conducted at an outpatient clinic in Japan found that approximately 29.8% of participants diagnosed with gambling disorder exhibited traits associated with ASD. Interestingly, higher levels of ASD traits were associated with less severe gambling problems, while higher levels of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) traits correlated with more severe gambling issues. Participants exhibiting both ASD and ADHD traits experienced more severe gambling problems than those with only one of these conditions (So et al., 2023).
Another study highlighted that neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD, may increase vulnerabilities to gambling-related harms. However, the specific prevalence rates of gambling problems within the ASD population were not detailed in this review (Bansal et al.).
Given the limited data, it is challenging to determine precise percentages of individuals with ASD who experience gambling problems. Further research is necessary to better understand this relationship and to develop targeted interventions.
Due to their heightened fixation, individuals with ASD may develop an intense interest in gambling-related activities, such as online poker, roulette, or slot machines, because they align with a need for structure or predictability, even if the outcomes are random. People with ASD may struggle with understanding the abstract nature of risk versus reward in gambling, making it challenging to recognize the long-term consequences of gambling behavior. Impulsive decision-making or challenges with executive functioning may lead to excessive gambling without fully considering the financial or social consequences.
Individuals with ASD often develop intense interests, which could include gambling. This can lead to excessive engagement and difficulty disengaging from gambling activities, making gambling particularly addictive. The anticipation of outcomes or patterns may align with their preference for routines. Some may struggle with abstract concepts like odds, probability, and financial consequences, increasing the likelihood of risky gambling behaviors and poor decision-making. The tendency to repeat behaviors or ideas can make it difficult to stop gambling once it becomes a habit.
Gambling can exacerbate difficulties with emotional regulation, particularly when experiencing losses. This may lead to heightened anxiety, depression, or frustration, which are common co-occurring conditions in individuals with ASD. Gambling may also be used as a coping mechanism for managing anxiety, boredom, or other emotions. Winning may also produce an intense emotional high, encouraging further gambling to chase similar feelings.
Individuals with ASD may be more susceptible to exploitation in social gambling settings, as they might misinterpret social cues or be overly trusting. Due to difficulties in forming and maintaining relationships, some individuals with ASD may turn to online gambling as a solitary activity to provide stimulation without requiring direct social interaction, bypassing time, or feeling a sense of control and achievement. Many individuals with ASD also experience conditions like ADHD, anxiety, or depression, which may increase susceptibility to a gambling disorder as a coping mechanism.
The reward system in gambling (e.g., flashing lights, sounds, wins) may appeal strongly to individuals sensitive to positive reinforcement. Cognitive rigidity can lead to a belief that they can “figure out” gambling systems or insistence on continuing despite losses, making it more compelling and potentially addictive.
Education and awareness tailored to or designed to account for cognitive and processing differences can help individuals with ASD understand and avoid gambling pitfalls. Behavioral interventions such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, which can address maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors related to gambling, and/or Applied Behavior Analysis may help reduce repetitive gambling behaviors by identifying triggers and reinforcing alternative actions. Supportive environments and/or structured activities to encourage structured, sensory, engaging activities to replace gambling with similar stimulation, self-soothing, or enjoyment may reduce gambling reliance. Financial Management Skills can help reduce the risk of financial harm from gambling. Family involvement can play a crucial role in monitoring and supporting healthier habits, monitoring gambling activities, and providing support. Collaboration with specialists in both gambling addiction and ASD is essential for creating an effective treatment plan.
Additional research is needed to study the prevalence of gambling disorder among those with ASD. Gambling can have profound impacts on individuals with ASD, requiring a thoughtful, tailored approach to prevention and support. Understanding their unique needs and challenges is essential to mitigating risks and treatment alternatives.
If you or someone you know is struggling with gambling-related issues, don’t hesitate to reach out for support. The National Problem Gambling Helpline is 1-800-522-4700. The helpline is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The helpline is 100% confidential and connects the caller to local health and government organizations that can assist with their gambling addiction.
Richard Anemone, MPS, LMHC, has a master’s degree in psychology and is licensed as a mental health counselor in New York State. He owns a private practice, Behavioral Mental Health Counseling PLLC, in which he provides counseling as well as training, presentations, and technical support to individuals, families, groups, and organizations with a specialty in gambling addiction, anger management, intellectual developmental disabilities, and psychiatric disorders. Richard is also the Senior Vice President of the IDD division at ICL. ICL helps New Yorkers with behavioral health challenges live healthy and fulfilling lives by providing comprehensive housing, health care, and recovery services. He can be reached at Richard.Anemone@BMHC-NY.com.
References
So, R., Sato, Y., Hashimoto, N., & Furukawa, T. A. (2023). Prevalence of suspected autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Japanese clinical sample with gambling disorder: A cross-sectional study. PCN Reports, 2(3), e131. https://doi.org/10.1002/pcn5.131.
Bansal, N., Rogers, J., & Roberts, A. (2025). The Prevalence of Gambling and Gambling Related Harm in Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorder (NDD): A Systematic Review. https://cdspress.ca/?p=10878.
